The weight of a paper per square metre, given in gsm (g/m²). It measures weight, not thickness: two papers of the same gsm can differ a good deal in caliper.
Paper weight measures weight, not thickness: high-bulk paper and bible paper. Diagram: IN TEMPO, licence CC BY 4.0. Reuse this diagram
In practice
For text pages, look at opacity as well: a light sheet lets the reverse show through, worst behind a solid or a picture. For a cover, stiffness is what matters, and that depends on the fibre as much as on the figure. Ask for the paper’s name on the quote, not only its weight: “90 gsm” on its own describes no particular sheet.
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